Last updated on October 5, 2011
Current Program Status:
The two-year Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) in the amount of SDR 2.38 billion (about US$3.7 billion) was approved by the IMF’s Executive Board on February 24, 2010.
The Board completed the first program review on October 1, 2010 and the second review on March 18, 2011, bringing the total resources currently available to Iraq under the arrangement to SDR 1069.56 million (about $1.7 billion).
In July 2012, the IMF’sExecutive Board extended the SBA until February 2013 to allow more time for the authorities to implement structural measures envisaged in the program and address distortions in the foreign exchange market that have led to the widening of the spread between the official and market exchange rates.
Background
The IMF commitment to Iraq relies on two main pillars. First, the IMF is helping the authorities in their efforts to maintain macroeconomic stability as a key condition for economic growth and the generation of sustainable employment opportunities for Iraq’s large labor force. Second, the IMF assists the Iraqi authorities in rebuilding essential economic institutions with its policy advice and technical expertise.
Macroeconomic stability is at the heart of the IMF programs. With the support of four IMF programs, the macroeconomic situation of Iraq has improved substantially since 2003, despite extremely difficult security circumstances and periods of political uncertainty. After experiencing inflation rates of 70 percent in 2007, the Central Bank of Iraq was successful in reducing inflation to the single digits, where it has remained since. The economy is growing with the revival of the oil sector and the improvement in the security situation. And with the support of the international community, debt levels have been brought down to sustainable levels.
Policy advice focuses on the fiscal, monetary and financial policy areas. In the fiscal area, major emphasis has been put on the adoption of policies that support the reconstruction of Iraq and preserve social spending, while maintaining medium-term fiscal sustainability. In the monetary and financial areas, IMF advice has centered on keeping inflation under control, maintaining a broadly stable and liberal exchange rate regime, and modernizing the financial sector to enable the private sector to develop. IMF technical assistance has proven essential in helping the Iraqi authorities develop their institutional capacity and governance infrastructure.
Current Program
The current program aims to continue to support the reconstruction of Iraq. Following the successful conclusion of Iraq’s second SBA program, the IMF’s Executive Board approved a new two-year SBA program on February 24, 2010 with an access of US$3.7 billion (SDR 2,376.8 million, or 200 percent of quota). The program provided a macroeconomic framework supporting the reconstruction efforts during the political transition following the March 2010 parliamentary elections.
In line with past programs, the key objectives of the current SBA are the preservation of macroeconomic stability and the adoption of policies and measures to promote sustainable growth and poverty reduction. The financial resources envisaged in the context of the program were meant to be made available to respond to the drop in oil prices from their peak levels in mid-2008, which translated into a substantial deterioration of Iraq’s external position in 2009 and to a financing gap in the government finances.
Besides preserving macro-stability and providing budgetary support, the program also supports the authorities’ medium-term structural reform agenda. This agenda relies on three key pillars: Modernizing Iraq’s public financial management system. This encompasses improvements in the allocation, execution, transparency, and accountability of the mobilization and use of public resources. Priority areas include improving budget preparation, reporting and cash management, public procurement, internal audit and control systems, and the accounting framework.
Developing the financial sector. This pillar relies on enhancing Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) operations and promoting a banking sector that can provide basic financial services, including, crucially, to the private sector. Reinforcing central banking operations includes rebuilding the capacity of the central bank to conduct monetary and exchange rate policies, supervise banks, and manage the country’s foreign exchange reserves. The financial restructuring of the two main state-owned banks is an important step to help establish the conditions for the banking system to extend credit to the private sector.
Strengthening governance in the oil sector. As part of the authorities’ efforts to increase transparency and accountability in the oil sector, Iraq became a candidate member to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in February 2010, and produced its first EITI report in December 2011. Efforts in this area are also directed at completing the installation of oil metering systems, which will help reconcile oil production and export data with budget revenues from the oil sector, and at maintaining a single account for all oil export proceeds.
During 2012, the authorities succeeded in maintaining macroeconomic stability, but progress on the program has slowed down. The combined third and fourth reviews have been delayed owing to limited progress in restructuring the state-owned banks and the emergence of distortions in the foreign currency markets that have led to the widening of the spread between the official and market exchange rates. IMF staff is working closely with the Iraqi authorities to address these issues and push forward the program agenda.
